Bleeding or hemorrhagic areas are contraindicated for E-stim because stimulation may increase bleeding. Which area is contraindicated?

• A. Over metal implants
• B. In intact skin
• C. In healthy athletes
• D. Hemorrhagic area

Answer: (D)

The main point is that electrical stimulation should not be used on sites with active bleeding. Electrical current can increase local blood flow and interfere with clot formation, potentially causing the hemorrhage to worsen or hematoma to expand. That’s why a hemorrhagic area is contraindicated for E-stim.

As for the other scenarios, they don’t describe active bleeding. Placing stimulation over metal implants raises concerns about current conduction, heating, or interference with the implant, so caution is advised in those cases. Stimulating intact skin is generally safe, and being a healthy athlete does not by itself create a contraindication.