Known peripheral vascular disease is a contraindication for E-stim.

• A. Repaired tendon
• B. Uncontrolled cardiac issues
• C. Pregnancy
• D. Known peripheral vascular disease

Answer: (D)

Electrical stimulation is avoided when peripheral blood flow is already impaired because the tissue may not tolerate the added stress of current and muscle activation. Known peripheral vascular disease means the circulation to the area is compromised, so increasing metabolic demand with stimulation and altering local blood flow can worsen ischemia, slow healing, or risk tissue damage at the electrode sites. In this context, safety of the tissue takes priority, so this condition is considered a contraindication for E-stim.

Repaired tendon, by itself, isn’t automatically a disqualifier; if healing tissue has progressed and the clinician determines stimulation won’t disrupt repair, it can be used with appropriate precautions. Uncontrolled cardiac issues require caution and may need medical clearance or monitoring before applying stimulation, since autonomic or hemodynamic effects could pose additional risks. Pregnancy is generally managed with cautions or modality/placement adjustments rather than an absolute ban, depending on the specific therapy and area treated.